PLEASE NOTE:

1. The first part of this article is intended primarily for patients and lay people, and the second part (on a separate web page) is intended for ophthalmologists. The article is a summary of material published in peer-reviewed ophthalmic journals. For more detailed information, please refer to the papers in the bibliography and the various articles cited in those papers.
2. Dr. Hayreh does not give an opinion without personally examining a patient; he feels that to do so is unethical and also potentially dangerous.